This strategy led to the successful 1989 release of the Macintosh II, which appealed to power users and gave the lineup momentum. In the late 1980s, Jean-Louis Gassée, a Sculley protégé who had succeeded Jobs as head of the Macintosh division, made the Mac more expandable and powerful to appeal to tech enthusiasts, tinkerers, and enterprise customers. HyperCard was released in 1987 and bundled with every Macintosh. Sculley rebuffed him, so he adapted the idea into a Mac program, HyperCard, whose "cards" could store any information - text, image, audio, video - with the memex-like ability to semantically link cards to each other. In late 1985, Bill Atkinson, one of the few remaining employees to have been on the original Macintosh team, proposed that Apple create a Dynabook, Alan Kay's concept for a tablet computer that stores and organizes knowledge. It was the first WYSIWYG computer, and due in large part to PageMaker and Apple's LaserWriter printer, it ignited the desktop publishing revolution, turning the Macintosh from an early let-down into a notable success. italics, bold, shadow, outline) unlike other personal computers of the time. The Macintosh is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface, and owing to Jobs' interest in typography, it came with an unprecedented variety of fonts and type styles (e.g. Apple soon released the 512K revision with improved performance and an external floppy disk drive. The first Macintosh nevertheless generated cult enthusiasm among buyers and some developers, who rushed to develop entirely new programs for the platform, including PageMaker, MORE, and Excel. Most members of the original Macintosh team left Apple, including Jobs, who founded NeXT after being forced out by CEO John Sculley. Sales initially met projections, but then sputtered due to the machine's low performance, single floppy disk drive (requiring users to frequently swap disks), and initial lack of applications. Upon its 1984 release, the first Macintosh was described as revolutionary by the New York Times. Under Jobs, the Mac grew to resemble the Lisa, with a mouse and a more intuitive graphical interface, at a quarter of the Lisa's price. The initial team consisted of Raskin, hardware engineer Burrell Smith, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak Steve Jobs joined in 1981 after being removed from the Lisa team, and was able to gradually take control of the project due to Wozniak's temporary absence from the company following an airplane crash. Raskin named the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh. Conceived in 1979 by Jef Raskin, the Macintosh was envisioned as an affordable, easy-to-use computer for the masses. Parallel to the Lisa's development, a skunkworks team at Apple was working on another project. However, hampered by its high $9,995 price and lack of available software, the Lisa was commercially unsuccessful. Though the Lisa's graphical user interface was partially inspired by the work of Xerox PARC, it also went far beyond PARC's prototypes by adding intuitive direct manipulation, like the ability to drag-and-drop files, double-click to open programs, and move or resize windows by clicking and dragging instead of going through a menu. After IBM introduced the IBM PC in 1981, its sales quickly surpassed the Apple II in response, Apple introduced the Apple Lisa in 1983. In the late 1970s, the Apple II was one of the most popular computers, especially in education. 1979–1996: "Macintosh" era Steve Jobs with the original Macintosh, January 1984, photographed by Bernard Gotfryd After Tim Cook replaced Jobs as CEO, the Mac underwent a period of neglect, but was later reinvigorated with the introduction of popular high-end Macs and the Apple silicon transition, which brought the Mac to the same ARM processor architecture as iOS devices. Jobs oversaw the release of many successful products, unveiled the modern Mac OS X, completed the 2005-06 Intel transition, and brought features from the iPhone back to the Mac. After a period of initial success, the Mac languished in the 1990s until the 1996 acquisition of NeXT brought Steve Jobs back to Apple. The first Mac was released in 1984, and was advertised with the highly acclaimed "1984" ad. Macs are sold with the macOS operating system. The product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, as well as the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro desktops. The Mac, short for Macintosh (its official name until 1999), is a family of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The MacBook Air, Apple's best-selling Mac model For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation). For the original Macintosh, see Macintosh 128K.
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